In March 2025, Rwanda announced the severance of its diplomatic ties with Belgium, instructing all Belgian diplomats to exit the country within 48 hours. The move stems from escalating tensions regarding Rwanda's alleged support for M23, a rebel group currently fighting an insurgency in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Belgium has been vocal in criticising Rwanda's alleged support for the M23 and led initiatives within the European Union to impose sanctions on Rwandan military officials and entities linked to the conflict. These sanctions included travel bans and asset freezes targeting individuals and companies accused of exacerbating the violence in the DRC.
In turn, the Rwandan government accused Belgium of "using lies and manipulation to secure an unjustified hostile opinion of Rwanda," suggesting that Belgium's stance is a continuation of its colonial legacy, aiming to destabilise the country.
Belgium's reaction
Belgium has expressed regret over Rwanda's decision, labelling it as "disproportionate." Belgian Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot stated that the move shows a reluctance to engage in dialogue when disagreements arise. In a reciprocal measure, Belgium terminated governmental cooperation agreements, ending development aid to Rwanda.
Strained relations between Rwanda and Belgium date back to the late 1910s, with Belgium administering Rwanda from 1919 until the country's independence in 1962. The recent diplomatic fallout has revived these historical tensions, with Rwanda accusing Belgium of holding "neo-colonial delusions" and interfering in its sovereign affairs.
Potential implications
The diplomatic rift may complicate efforts to resolve the conflict in eastern DRC. With both countries playing influential roles in the region, their discord could hinder coordinated peace initiatives and prolong the humanitarian crisis affecting millions in the Congo.
Further, Belgium's suspension of development aid could impact Rwanda's economy, particularly in sectors previously supported by Belgian assistance. This may necessitate Rwanda seeking alternative partnerships to fill the void left by Belgian aid, but with countries worldwide shrinking their aid budgets, support may be difficult to find.